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The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 created over 12,600 road construction projects, over 10,000 of which were in progress as of 2010. [45] Workers in highway work zones are exposed to a variety of hazards and face risk of injury and death from construction equipment as well as passing motor vehicles.
The United Kingdom began requiring construction companies, project owners, and architects to address safety and health during the design phase of projects in 1994. Australia developed the Australian National OHS Strategy 2002–2012, which set "eliminating hazards at the design stage" as one of five national priorities.
Influenza is an example of a biological hazard which affects a broad population of workers. [ 14 ] Exposure to toxins generated by insects , spiders , snakes , scorpions , [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] etc., require physical contact be made between the worker and the living organism.
For example, construction professionals cannot remove the danger of asbestos when handling the hazardous agent is the core of the task. [ 3 ] The most effective control measure is eliminating the hazard and its associated risks entirely.
By this time, hazard and operability studies had become an expected part of chemical engineering degree courses in the UK. [2] Nowadays, regulators and the process industry at large (including operators and contractors) consider HAZOP a strictly necessary step of project development, at the very least during the detailed design phase.
Risk is the probability that exposure to a hazard will lead to a negative consequence, or more simply, a hazard poses no risk if there is no exposure to that hazard. Risk is a combination of hazard, exposure and vulnerability. [11] For example in terms of water security: examples of hazards are droughts, floods and decline in water quality. Bad ...
When used as part of an aviation hazard analysis, a "Likelihood" is a specific probability. It is the joint probability of a hazard occurring, that hazard causing or contributing to an aircraft accident or incident, and the resulting degree of loss or harm falling within one of the defined severity categories.
Communicating the risk to stakeholders and the funders of the project; Refining or iterating the risk based on research and new information; Monitoring and controlling risks; Finally, risks must be integrated to provide a complete picture, so projects should be integrated into enterprise wide risk management, to seize opportunities related to ...