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The self-ionization of water (also autoionization of water, autoprotolysis of water, autodissociation of water, or simply dissociation of water) is an ionization reaction in pure water or in an aqueous solution, in which a water molecule, H 2 O, deprotonates (loses the nucleus of one of its hydrogen atoms) to become a hydroxide ion, OH −.
In chemistry, molecular autoionization (or self-ionization) is a chemical reaction between molecules of the same substance to produce ions. If a pure liquid partially dissociates into ions, it is said to be self-ionizing. [1]: 163 In most cases the oxidation number on all atoms in such a reaction remains unchanged. Such autoionization can be ...
Without the excess energy, electrolysis occurs slowly or not at all. This is in part due to the limited self-ionization of water. Pure water has an electrical conductivity about one hundred thousandth that of seawater. [8] [9] [10] Efficiency is increased through the addition of an electrolyte (such as a salt, an acid or a base) and ...
Autoionization is a process by which an atom or a molecule in an excited state spontaneously emits one of the outer-shell electrons, thus going from a state with charge Z to a state with charge Z + 1, for example from an electrically neutral state to a singly ionized state. [1]
[citation needed] However, for water streams with lower salt concentration electrodialysis may be the most energy efficient process. Additionally, water streams with very high salt concentrations, that cannot be separated by reverse osmosis, can be concentrated by electrodialysis up to concentrations near to saturation.
Water is amphoteric, meaning that it can exhibit properties of an acid or a base, depending on the pH of the solution that it is in; it readily produces both H + and OH − ions. [c] Related to its amphoteric character, it undergoes self-ionization. The product of the activities, or approximately, the concentrations of H + and OH −
A national study discovered that teens in the United States consumed significantly less alcohol and drugs in 2024 compared to past years. Teen alcohol use has steadily decreased from 2000 to 2024 ...
The Virtual breakdown mechanism is a concept in the field of electrochemistry.In electrochemical reactions, when the cathode and the anode are close enough to each other (i.e., so-called "nanogap electrochemical cells"), the double layer of the regions from the two electrodes is overlapped, forming a large electric field uniformly distributed inside the entire electrode gap.