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The most current theory is a result of a recent study that suggests it is caused by a pegivirus, referred to as Theiler's disease-associated virus (TDAV). [2] Eight horses that had received prophylactic botulinum antitoxin and developed subsequent signs of Theiler's disease were subjected to a test for a viral infection based on RNA sequencing techniques.
It was shown to be distinct from virus strains isolated from horses in California, now known as Western equine encephalitis virus. [2] [14] [16] Madariaga virus was first identified in 1936 from a horse in Argentina. [14] The first human cases were identified in 1938 in Massachusetts, during an outbreak with 38 human cases and 248 horse cases.
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus is a mosquito-borne viral pathogen that causes Venezuelan equine encephalitis or encephalomyelitis (VEE). VEE can affect all equine species, such as horses, donkeys, and zebras. After infection, equines may suddenly die or show progressive central nervous system disorders. Humans also can contract this disease.
Borna disease, also known as sad horse disease, [1] is an infectious neurological syndrome [2] of warm-blooded animals, caused by Borna disease viruses 1 and 2 (BoDV-1/2). BoDV-1/2 are neurotropic viruses of the species Mammalian 1 orthobornavirus, and members of the Bornaviridae family within the Mononegavirales order.
Ideally, horses that are showing symptoms should be completely quarantined. The recommended quarantined period is at least 21 days. [11] Another facet of EHV-1 control is to be aware of the potential for spreading the virus via equipment, and transmission, via human contact, between horses.
While health officials say there is no human vaccine for the mosquito-borne EEE disease, people can take precautions. What you should know. Serious viral disease EEE found in upstate NY horse.
Replication cycle of African horse sickness virus (AHSV) This subacute form of the disease has an incubation period longer than that of the pulmonary form. Signs of disease start at day 7–12 after infection. High fever is a common symptom. The disease also manifests as conjunctivitis, with abdominal pain and progressive dyspnea.
The virus which causes EVA was first isolated in 1953, but the disease has afflicted equine animals worldwide for centuries. It has been more common in some breeds of horses in the United States, but there is no breed "immunity". In the UK, it is a notifiable disease. [3] There is no known human hazard. [4]