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[4]: 114 A DataFrame is a 2-dimensional data structure of rows and columns, similar to a spreadsheet, and analogous to a Python dictionary mapping column names (keys) to Series (values), with each Series sharing an index. [4]: 115 DataFrames can be concatenated together or "merged" on columns or indices in a manner similar to joins in SQL.
The data rows may be spread throughout the table regardless of the value of the indexed column or expression. The non-clustered index tree contains the index keys in sorted order, with the leaf level of the index containing the pointer to the record (page and the row number in the data page in page-organized engines; row offset in file ...
CSV is a delimited text file that uses a comma to separate values (many implementations of CSV import/export tools allow other separators to be used; for example, the use of a "Sep=^" row as the first row in the *.csv file will cause Excel to open the file expecting caret "^" to be the separator instead of comma ","). Simple CSV implementations ...
The misapplication was a result of looking at data that was tightly bound in range, which violates the assumption inherent in Benford's law that the range of the data be large. The first digit test was applied to precinct-level data, but because precincts rarely receive more than a few thousand votes or fewer than several dozen, Benford's law ...
PostgreSQL has a distinct BOOLEAN type as in the standard, [21] which allows predicates to be stored directly into a BOOLEAN column, and allows using a BOOLEAN column directly as a predicate in a WHERE clause. In MySQL, BOOLEAN is treated as an alias of TINYINT (1); [22] TRUE is the same as integer 1 and FALSE is the same is integer 0. [23]
The Tau-b statistic, unlike Tau-a, makes adjustments for ties. This Tau-b was first described by Kendall in 1945 under the name Tau-w [12] as an extension of the original Tau statistic supporting ties. Values of Tau-b range from −1 (100% negative association, or perfect disagreement) to +1 (100% positive association, or perfect agreement).
This CAPTCHA (reCAPTCHA v1) of "smwm" obscures its message from computer interpretation by twisting the letters and adding a slight background color gradient.A CAPTCHA (/ ˈ k æ p. tʃ ə / KAP-chə) is a type of challenge–response test used in computing to determine whether the user is human in order to deter bot attacks and spam.
The normal distribution is the only distribution whose cumulants beyond the first two (i.e., other than the mean and variance) are zero. It is also the continuous distribution with the maximum entropy for a specified mean and variance.