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The post-increment and post-decrement operators increase (or decrease) the value of their operand by 1, but the value of the expression is the operand's value prior to the increment (or decrement) operation. In languages where increment/decrement is not an expression (e.g., Go), only one version is needed (in the case of Go, post operators only).
Unlike in C++, methods in Java are not allowed to have default argument values and methods are usually overloaded instead. class Foo { int bar ( int a , int b ) { return ( a * 2 ) + b ; } /* Overloaded method with the same name but different set of arguments */ int bar ( int a ) { return a * 2 ; } }
In computer programming, lazy initialization is the tactic of delaying the creation of an object, the calculation of a value, or some other expensive process until the first time it is needed.
Depending on the language, an explicit assignment sign may be used in place of the equal sign (and some languages require the word int even in the numerical case). An optional step-value (an increment or decrement ≠ 1) may also be included, although the exact syntaxes used for this differ a bit more between the languages.
In addition to support for vectorized arithmetic and relational operations, these languages also vectorize common mathematical functions such as sine. For example, if x is an array, then y = sin (x) will result in an array y whose elements are sine of the corresponding elements of the array x. Vectorized index operations are also supported.
As of Java 8, Java supports functions as first class objects. Lambda expressions of this form are considered of type Function<T,U> with T being the domain and U the image type. The expression can be called with its .apply(T t) method, but not with a standard method call.
By default, methods in C++ are not virtual (i.e., opt-in virtual). In Java, methods are virtual by default, but can be made non-virtual by using the final keyword (i.e., opt-out virtual). C++ enumerations are primitive types and support implicit conversion to integer types (but not from integer types).
In C, for instance, the following statement is legal and well-defined, and depends on the fact that array indexing returns an l-value: x = ++ a [ i ]; An important use is when a left-associative binary operator modifies its left argument (or produces a side effect ) and then evaluates to that argument as an l-value.