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Membranes used for membrane distillation (MD) inhibit passage of liquid water while allowing permeability for free water molecules and thus, for water vapour. [1] These membranes are made of hydrophobic synthetic material (e.g. PTFE, PVDF or PP) and offer pores with a standard diameter between 0.1 and 0.5 μm (3.9 × 10 −6 and 1.97 × 10 −5 ...
[4] [5] [6] Desalination processes are using either thermal methods (in the case of distillation) or membrane-based methods (e.g. in the case of reverse osmosis). [ 7 ] [ 8 ] : 24 An estimate in 2018 found that "18,426 desalination plants are in operation in over 150 countries.
Aquaver membrane distillation units are focused at desalination, [2] industrial water treatment, [3] and 'difficult-to-treat' waters. In February 2014 Aquaver commissioned in Gulhi, Maldives, the world's first desalination plant based on membrane distillation.
The thin-film composite (TFC) membrane is made of synthetic material, and requires the chlorine to be removed before the water enters the membrane. To protect the TFC membrane elements from chlorine damage, carbon filters are used as pre-treatment. TFC membranes have a higher rejection rate of 95–98% and a longer life than CTA membranes.
This may be by membrane separation, thermal method, physical separation or a combination of these processes. The process has the feature of inherently low fouling because of the forward osmosis first step, unlike conventional reverse osmosis desalination plants where fouling is often a problem.
Reverse osmosis is a common process to purify or desalinate contaminated water by forcing water through a membrane. Water produced by reverse osmosis may be used for a variety of purposes, including desalination , wastewater treatment , concentration of contaminants, and the reclamation of dissolved minerals. [ 1 ]
Thin-film composite membranes (TFC or TFM) are semipermeable membranes manufactured to provide selectivity with high permeability. Most TFC's are used in water purification or water desalination systems. They also have use in chemical applications such as gas separations, dehumidification, batteries and fuel cells.
Zeolite membranes serve as a low energy separation method. They have recently drawn interest due to their high chemical and thermal stability, [1] and their high selectivity. Currently zeolites have seen applications in gas separation, membrane reactors, water desalination, and solid state batteries. [2]