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Physiologic jaundice generally lasts less than seven days. [1] The condition affects over half of babies in the first week of life. [1] Of babies that are born early about 80% are affected. [2] Globally over 100,000 late-preterm and term babies die each year as a result of jaundice. [4]
Iodine is an essential dietary mineral for neurodevelopment among children. [1] The thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine contain iodine. In areas with little iodine in the diet, typically remote inland areas where no marine foods are eaten, deficiency is common. It is common in mountainous regions where food is grown in iodine-poor soil.
[3] [6] Jaundice in adults is typically a sign indicating the presence of underlying diseases involving abnormal heme metabolism, liver dysfunction, or biliary-tract obstruction. [7] The prevalence of jaundice in adults is rare, while jaundice in babies is common, with an estimated 80% affected during their first week of life. [8]
When an infant is suspected to have hemolytic jaundice, abnormal morphologies of erythrocytes can be analyzed to find out the causes of hemolysis. [34] A Coomb's test should be performed, and end-tidal carbon monoxide concentration should be monitored to understand the rate of hemolysis in the infant's body. [35]
When an infant is breastfed, they are exposed to a variety of flavors due to the mother's changing diet and breast milk. [12] A study showed that later in life breastfed children are more likely to eat a variety of healthy foods; this happens because food preferences are ingrained early in life.
It is suggested infants fed with human colostrum have lower incidence of gastrointestinal infections. [25] In addition, colostrum also has a laxative effect, encouraging the baby's body to excrete stool, which helps eliminate excess bilirubin. [26] [27] [28] This helps prevent jaundice and allergies in babies. [29] [unreliable source?]
For infants up to the age of 12 months, the Adequate Intake (AI) is 0.3–0.4 mg/day and for children aged 1–13 years the RDA increases with age from 0.5 to 0.9 mg/day. As for safety, the IOM sets tolerable upper intake levels (ULs) for vitamins and minerals when evidence is sufficient.
An elemental formula, glucose polymer, and/or cornstarch can be infused continuously through the night at a rate supplying 0.5–0.6 g/kg/h of glucose for an infant, or 0.3–0.4 for an older child. This method requires a nasogastric or gastrostomy tube and pump.