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4.2-kiloyear event dry, lasted most of the 22nd century BC, linked to the end of the Old Kingdom in Egypt, and the Akkadian Empire in Mesopotamia, various archaeological cultures in Persia and China 1800–1500: Middle Bronze Age Cold Epoch, a period of unusually cold climate in the North Atlantic region Bond Event 2
Egypt is the eighth most water stressed country in the world. Egypt receives between 20 mm (0.79 in) and 200 mm (7.87 in) of annual average precipitation along the narrow Mediterranean coast , but south from Cairo, the average drops to nearly 0 millimetres (0.00 inches) in the central and the southern part of the country.
Historical climatology is the study of historical changes in climate and their effect on civilization from the emergence of homininis to the present day. It is concerned with the reconstruction of weather and climate and their effect on historical societies, including a culturally influenced history of science and perception. [1]
Egypt is one of the countries most affected by the extreme weather conditions caused by climate change. [3] Egypt signed and ratified the Paris Agreement, as well as, submitted a nationally determined contribution (NDC) which sets priority areas as sustainability of agriculture, water resources, the environment, energy, and land management. [4]
At the site of Sidi Ali in the Middle Atlas, δ 18 O values indicate not a dry spell but a centennial-scale period of cooler and more humid climate. [40] In c. 2150 BC, Egypt was hit by a series of exceptionally low Nile floods that may have influenced the collapse of the centralised government of the Old Kingdom after a famine. [41]
For the history of humanity's influence on the environment, and humanity's perspective on this influence, see timeline of history of environmentalism. See List of periods and events in climate history for a timeline list focused on climate.
It was only in the 20th century that paleoclimatology became a unified scientific field. Before, different aspects of Earth's climate history were studied by a variety of disciplines. [5] At the end of the 20th century, the empirical research into Earth's ancient climates started to be combined with computer models of increasing complexity.
[5] [9] The Hittites proceeded to sack the city of Babylon which ended the Hammurabi dynasty and Old Babylonian period. [6] [5] [1] However, the Hittites chose not to subjugate Babylon or the surrounding regions and instead withdrew from the conquered city up the Euphrates River to their homeland "Hatti-land". [1]