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Excel graph of the difference between two evaluations of the smallest root of a quadratic: direct evaluation using the quadratic formula (accurate at smaller b) and an approximation for widely spaced roots (accurate for larger b). The difference reaches a minimum at the large dots, and round-off causes squiggles in the curves beyond this minimum.
The symbol means that the ratio of the left-hand side and the right-hand side tends to one as . The symbol ≃ {\displaystyle \simeq } means that the difference between the left-hand side and the right-hand side tends to zero as n → ∞ {\displaystyle n\to \infty } .
Machin's particular formula was used well into the computer era for calculating record numbers of digits of π, [39] but more recently other similar formulae have been used as well. For instance, Shanks and his team used the following Machin-like formula in 1961 to compute the first 100,000 digits of π : [ 39 ]
) + / A detailed proof of this formula can be found here: [14] This identity is similar to some of Ramanujan 's formulas involving π , [ 13 ] and is an example of a Ramanujan–Sato series . The time complexity of the algorithm is O ( n ( log n ) 3 ) {\displaystyle O\left(n(\log n)^{3}\right)} .
Machin-like formulas for π can be constructed by finding a set of integers , =, where all the prime factorisations of + , taken together, use a number of distinct primes , and then using either linear algebra or the LLL basis-reduction algorithm to construct linear combinations of arctangents of . For example, in the Størmer formula ...
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The arithmetic–geometric mean of two numbers, a 0 and b 0, is found by calculating the limit of the sequences + = +, + =, which both converge to the same limit. If = and = then the limit is () where () is the complete elliptic integral of the first kind
The number π (/ p aɪ /; spelled out as "pi") is a mathematical constant, approximately equal to 3.14159, that is the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter.It appears in many formulae across mathematics and physics, and some of these formulae are commonly used for defining π, to avoid relying on the definition of the length of a curve.