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Roots of Vicia with white root nodules visible. Cross-section through a root nodule of Vicia observed through a microscope. Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF, performed by the organisms called diazotrophs ) is a very old process that probably originated in the Archean eon when the primitive atmosphere lacked oxygen .
Pea (pisum in Latin) is a pulse, vegetable or fodder crop, but the word often refers to the seed or sometimes the pod of this flowering plant species. Carl Linnaeus gave the species the scientific name Pisum sativum in 1753 (meaning cultivated pea).
Root nodules apparently have evolved three times within the Fabaceae but are rare outside that family. The propensity of these plants to develop root nodules seems to relate to their root structure. In particular, a tendency to develop lateral roots in response to abscisic acid may enable the later evolution of root nodules. [21]
Adventitious roots arise out-of-sequence from the more usual root formation of branches of a primary root, and instead originate from the stem, branches, leaves, or old woody roots. They commonly occur in monocots and pteridophytes, but also in many dicots , such as clover ( Trifolium ), ivy ( Hedera ), strawberry ( Fragaria ) and willow ( Salix ).
A fine root is most commonly defined as a plant root that is two millimeters or less in diameter. [1] Fine roots may function in acquisition of soil resources (eg. nutrients, water) and/or resource transport, making them functionally most analogous to the leaves and twigs in a plant's shoot system. [1]
Growth from any such meristem at the tip of a root or shoot is termed primary growth and results in the lengthening of that root or shoot. Secondary growth results in widening of a root or shoot from divisions of cells in a cambium. [8] In addition to growth by cell division, a plant may grow through cell elongation. This occurs when individual ...
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The loosely packed cells of root cortex allow movement of water and oxygen in the intercellular spaces. [4] One of the main functions of the root cortex is to serve as a storage area for reserve foods. [4] The innermost layer of the cortex in the roots of vascular plants is the endodermis. The endodermis is responsible for storing starch as ...