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The earliest attestation of the use of either x or o to indicate kisses identified by the Oxford English Dictionary appears in the English novellist Florence Montgomery's 1878 book Seaforth, which mentions "This letter [...] ends with the inevitable row of kisses,—sometimes expressed by × × × × ×, and sometimes by o o o o o o, according to the taste of the young scribbler".
This is an incomplete list of Dutch expressions used in English; some are relatively common (e.g. cookie), some are comparatively rare.In a survey by Joseph M. Williams in Origins of the English Language it is estimated that about 1% of English words are of Dutch origin.
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The tendency for native English speakers is to pronounce Dutch names with /ɛi/ (written as ij or ei) as /aɪ/, (like the English "long i"), which does not normally lead to confusion for native listeners since in a number of dialects (such as in Amsterdam [123]), the same pronunciation is heard. In contrast, /ɑi/ and /ɔi/ are rare in Dutch.
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Similarly, Dutch words such as favoriet ("favourite"), film, and station are intelligible to Afrikaans speakers on account of their resemblance to their English equivalents, whereas the Afrikaans gunsteling, rolprent, and stasie (cognate with Dutch statie), while intelligible to Dutch speakers, would be considered old-fashioned.
Some speakers may realize them as wider diphthongs [ɛe̯, œø̯, ɔu̯], which sound almost like Standard Dutch /ɛi̯, œy̯, ʌu̯/. [11] An alternative realization of /oʊ/ is a central diphthong [əʊ̯̈]. It is common, albeit stigmatized. [12] Before /r/, /ɔ/ contrasts with /oʊ/ primarily by length for some speakers. [13]
Compared to the other dialects and sublanguages of Dutch, Brabantian has historically had a major influence on the development of Dutch. During the Middle Ages, manuscripts from the 10th to 15th centuries show that Limburgish and then West Flemish were the predominant literary languages, but there is no evidence of literary manuscripts farther north.