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The term law of total probability is sometimes taken to mean the law of alternatives, which is a special case of the law of total probability applying to discrete random variables. [ citation needed ] One author uses the terminology of the "Rule of Average Conditional Probabilities", [ 4 ] while another refers to it as the "continuous law of ...
The proposition in probability theory known as the law of total expectation, [1] the law of iterated expectations [2] (LIE), Adam's law, [3] the tower rule, [4] and the smoothing theorem, [5] among other names, states that if is a random variable whose expected value is defined, and is any random variable on the same probability space, then
Khinchin's theorem (probability) Killing–Hopf theorem (Riemannian geometry) Kinoshita–Lee–Nauenberg theorem (quantum field theory) Kirby–Paris theorem (proof theory) Kirchberger's theorem (discrete geometry) Kirchhoff's theorem (graph theory) Kirszbraun theorem (Lipschitz continuity) Kleene fixed-point theorem (order theory)
It should only contain pages that are Probability theorems or lists of Probability theorems, as well as subcategories containing those things (themselves set categories). Topics about Probability theorems in general should be placed in relevant topic categories .
By mapping probability distributions to these characteristics and by calculating the outcome of the game using Bayesian probability, the result is a game whose solution is, for technical reasons, far easier to calculate than a similar game in a non-Bayesian context. For those technical reasons, see the Specification of games section in this ...
The certainty that is adopted can be described in terms of a numerical measure, and this number, between 0 and 1 (where 0 indicates impossibility and 1 indicates certainty) is called the probability. Probability theory is used extensively in statistics , mathematics , science and philosophy to draw conclusions about the likelihood of potential ...
Several probabilistic proofs of Stirling's formula (and related results) were found in the 20th century. [4] [5] The only bounded harmonic functions defined on the whole plane are constant functions by Liouville's theorem. A probabilistic proof via n-dimensional Brownian motion is well known. [6] Non-probabilistic proofs were available earlier.
[7] [8] Hence, proof is a form of inference by means of a statistical test. Statistical tests are formulated on models that generate probability distributions. Examples of probability distributions might include the binary, normal, or poisson distribution that give exact descriptions of variables that behave according to natural laws of random ...