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It is used to deposit copper and other conductors in forming printed circuit boards and copper interconnects in integrated circuits. It is also used to purify metals such as copper. The aforementioned electroplating of metals uses an electroreduction process (that is, a negative or cathodic current is on the working
Excluding the continuous strip plating industry, copper is the second most commonly-plated metal after nickel. [6] Copper electroplating offers a number of advantages over other plating processes, including low metal cost, high-conductivity and high-ductility bright finish, and high plating efficiency.
Electroplating of zinc was invented in 1800 but the first bright deposits were not obtained until the early 1930s with the alkaline cyanide electrolyte. Much later, in 1966, the use of acid chloride baths improved the brightness even further. The latest modern development occurred in the 1980s, with the new generation of alkaline, cyanide-free ...
Phosphate deposits are found throughout the Hawthorn group, but particularly in the lower zone, where beds of dolomite and dolomitic limestone are found. Hawthorn Group deposits are mined for phosphate in central Florida. [4] The Hawthorn group was deposited on a continental shelf. It is predominantly siliciclastic, consisting primarily of fine ...
The Bone Valley Formation is a geologic formation in Florida. It is sometimes classified as the upper member of the Peace River Formation of the Hawthorn Group . [ 2 ] It contains economically important phosphorite deposits that are mined in west-central Florida, as well as rich assemblages of vertebrate fossils .
The Bone Valley is a region of central Florida, encompassing portions of present-day Hardee, Hillsborough, Manatee, and Polk counties, in which phosphate is mined for use in the production of agricultural fertilizer. Florida currently contains the largest known deposits of phosphate in the United States.
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It is also possible to form coatings of newer materials (e.g., met glass. beta-C 3 N 4), graded deposits, multi-component deposits etc. The advanced materials and deposition processes including recent developments in ultra hard materials like BAM (AlMgB compound)are fully covered in a recent book[R. Chattopadhyay:Green Tribology,Green Surface ...