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Arthus reactions (type III hypersensitivity reactions) are rarely reported after vaccination and can occur after tetanus toxoid–containing or diphtheria toxoid–containing vaccines. An Arthus reaction is a local vasculitis associated with deposition of immune complexes and activation of complement.
The term serum sickness–like reaction (SSLR) is occasionally used to refer to similar illnesses that arise from the introduction of certain non-protein substances, such as penicillin. [ 1 ] Serum sickness may be diagnosed based on the symptoms, and using a blood test and a urine test .
The mechanism by which immune complexes are pathogenic is complex and much of what we know is derived from experimental models of the Arthus reaction and serum sickness. These models support that Fc receptors play a dominant role in the response which can be augmented by the complement system via the anaphylatoxin C5a.
The immune reactions are usually referred to as an over-reaction of the immune system and they are often damaging and uncomfortable. [ 4 ] In 1963, Philip George Houthem Gell and Robin Coombs introduced a systematic classification of the different types of hypersensitivity based on the types of antigens and immune responses involved. [ 5 ]
Case reports have noted the absence of fever in serum sickness–like reactions to amoxicillin. Laboratory abnormalities include normal or mild decreases in serum C3, C4, and CH50 levels, and mild proteinuria. In contrast to true serum sickness, renal and hepatic involvement is rare.
Here are some symptoms everyone should be aware of: Rashes. You may not think of your skin as an organ, but it is — and it can be affected by inflammation just like any other organ ...
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis; Other names: Allergic alveolitis, bagpipe lung, extrinsic allergic alveolitis (EAA) High magnification photomicrograph of a lung biopsy taken showing chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (), showing mild thickening of the walls of the small air sacs by invasion of white blood cells.
Chronic and/or intermittent rashes which are not readily explained by history and physical exam often will benefit from further testing. Patch test. A patch test (contact delayed hypersensitivity allergy test) [17] is a commonly used examination to determine the exact cause of an allergic contact dermatitis. According to the American Academy of ...