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Commitment scheme. A commitment scheme is a cryptographic primitive that allows one to commit to a chosen value (or chosen statement) while keeping it hidden to others, with the ability to reveal the committed value later. [1] Commitment schemes are designed so that a party cannot change the value or statement after they have committed to it ...
Flipism, sometimes spelled " flippism ", is a personal philosophy under which decisions are made by flipping a coin. It originally appeared in the Donald Duck Disney comic "Flip Decision" [1][2] by Carl Barks, published in 1953. Barks called a practitioner of "flipism" a "flippist". [3][4]
For example, if x represents a sequence of coin flips, then the associated Bernoulli sequence is the list of natural numbers or time-points for which the coin toss outcome is heads. So defined, a Bernoulli sequence Z x {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} ^{x}} is also a random subset of the index set, the natural numbers N {\displaystyle \mathbb {N} } .
Coin flipping, coin tossing, or heads or tails is the practice of throwing a coin in the air and checking which side is showing when it lands, in order to randomly choose between two alternatives. It is a form of sortition which inherently has two possible outcomes. The party who calls the side that is facing up when the coin lands wins.
In theoretical computer science, a probabilistic Turing machine is a non-deterministic Turing machine that chooses between the available transitions at each point according to some probability distribution. As a consequence, a probabilistic Turing machine can—unlike a deterministic Turing Machine—have stochastic results; that is, on a given ...
Until the advent of computer simulations, Kerrich's study, published in 1946, was widely cited as evidence of the asymptotic nature of probability. It is still regarded as a classic study in empirical mathematics. 2,000 of their fair coin flip results are given by the following table, with 1 representing heads and 0 representing tails.
However, digital cryptography generally "flips coins" by relying on a pseudo-random number generator, which is akin to a coin with a fixed pattern of heads and tails known only to the coin's owner. If Victor's coin behaved this way, then again it would be possible for Victor and Peggy to have faked the experiment, so using a pseudo-random ...
Sleeping Beauty problem. The Sleeping Beauty problem, also known as the Sleeping Beauty paradox, [1] is a puzzle in decision theory in which an ideally rational epistemic agent is told she will be awoken from sleep either once or twice according to the toss of a coin. Each time she will have no memory of whether she has been awoken before, and ...