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Coin flipping, coin tossing, or heads or tails is the practice of throwing a coin in the air and checking which side is showing when it lands, in order to randomly choose between two alternatives. It is a form of sortition which inherently has two possible outcomes.
Penney's game. Penney's game, named after its inventor Walter Penney, is a binary (head/tail) sequence generating game between two players. Player A selects a sequence of heads and tails (of length 3 or larger), and shows this sequence to player B. Player B then selects another sequence of heads and tails of the same length.
For example, if x represents a sequence of coin flips, then the associated Bernoulli sequence is the list of natural numbers or time-points for which the coin toss outcome is heads. So defined, a Bernoulli sequence Z x {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} ^{x}} is also a random subset of the index set, the natural numbers N {\displaystyle \mathbb {N} } .
Whether Random says ja or da should be thought of as depending on the flip of a coin hidden in his brain: if the coin comes down heads, he says ja; if tails, he says da. With this modification, the puzzle's solution demands the more careful god-interrogation given at the top of The Solution section.
Quantum coin flipping uses the principles of quantum mechanics to encrypt messages for secure communication. It is a cryptographic primitive which can be used to construct more complex and useful cryptographic protocols, [2] e.g. Quantum Byzantine agreement .
Flipism, sometimes spelled " flippism ", is a personal philosophy under which decisions are made by flipping a coin. It originally appeared in the Donald Duck Disney comic "Flip Decision" [1][2] by Carl Barks, published in 1953. Barks called a practitioner of "flipism" a "flippist". [3][4]
It can be used to represent a (possibly biased) coin toss where 1 and 0 would represent "heads" and "tails", respectively, and p would be the probability of the coin landing on heads (or vice versa where 1 would represent tails and p would be the probability of tails). In particular, unfair coins would have /
Only they know whether their answer reflects the toss of the coin or their true experience. It is very important to assume that people who get heads will answer truthfully, otherwise the surveyor is not able to speculate. Half the people—or half the questionnaire population—get tails and the other half get heads when they flip the coin.