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The services and protocols specified in IEEE 802 map to the lower two layers (data link and physical) of the seven-layer Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) networking reference model. IEEE 802 divides the OSI data link layer into two sub-layers: logical link control (LLC) and medium access control (MAC), as follows:
A network socket is a software structure within a network node of a computer network that serves as an endpoint for sending and receiving data across the network. The structure and properties of a socket are defined by an application programming interface (API) for the networking architecture.
This article lists protocols, categorized by the nearest layer in the Open Systems Interconnection model.This list is not exclusive to only the OSI protocol family.Many of these protocols are originally based on the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) and other models and they often do not fit neatly into OSI layers.
In some cases, modifications of the network packet may be necessary while routing, in which cases checksums are recalculated. Hop limit Under fault conditions, packets can end up traversing a closed circuit. If nothing was done, eventually the number of packets circulating would build up until the network was congested to the point of failure.
The PDU is passed to layer N−1, where it is known as the service data unit (SDU). At layer N−1 the SDU is concatenated with a header, a footer, or both, producing a layer N−1 PDU. It is then passed to layer N−2. The process continues until reaching the lowermost level, from which the data is transmitted to the receiving device.
The network layer provides the means of transferring variable-length network packets from a source to a destination host via one or more networks. Within the service layering semantics of the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) network architecture, the network layer responds to service requests from the transport layer and issues service requests to the data link layer.
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However, a flow is not necessarily 1:1 mapped to a transport connection." [2] Flow is also defined in RFC 3917 as "a set of IP packets passing an observation point in the network during a certain time interval." [3] Packet flow temporal efficiency can be affected by one-way delay (OWD) that is described as a combination of the following components: