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2. Disc herniation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_herniation

   The cervical discs are affected 8% of the time and the upper-to-mid-back (thoracic) discs only 1–2% of the time. [67] The following locations have no discs and are therefore exempt from the risk of disc herniation: the upper two cervical intervertebral spaces, the sacrum, and the coccyx.

3. Disc protrusion - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_protrusion

   Spinal disc protrusion visible in MRI [1] A disc protrusion is a medical condition that can occur in some vertebrates, including humans, in which the outermost layers of the anulus fibrosus of the intervertebral discs of the spine are intact but bulge when one or more of the discs are under pressure.

4. Degenerative disc disease - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degenerative_disc_disease

   Intervertebral disc arthroplasty: also called Artificial Disc Replacement (ADR), or Total Disc Replacement (TDR), is a type of arthroplasty. It is a surgical procedure in which degenerated intervertebral discs in the spinal column are replaced with artificial ones in the lumbar (lower) or cervical (upper) spine.

5. Intervertebral disc - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intervertebral_disc

   An intervertebral disc (British English), also spelled intervertebral disk (American English), lies between adjacent vertebrae in the vertebral column.Each disc forms a fibrocartilaginous joint (a symphysis), to allow slight movement of the vertebrae, to act as a ligament to hold the vertebrae together, and to function as a shock absorber for the spine.

6. Spinal stenosis - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_stenosis

   Intervertebral discs may bulge or herniate into the canal or foraminal openings [26] Degenerative disc disease causes narrowing of the spaces. [27] Facet joints break down; Facet joints may hypertrophy [28] Compression fractures of the spine, which are common in osteoporosis [29]

7. Radiculopathy - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiculopathy

   Cervical radiculopathy has an annual incidence rate of 107.3 per 100,000 for men and 63.5 per 100,000 for women, whereas lumbar radiculopathy has a prevalence of approximately 3-5% of the population. [ 26 ] [ 27 ] According to the AHRQ 's 2010 National Statistics for cervical radiculopathy, the most affected age group is between 45 and 64 years ...