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The Standard Model of particle physics is the theory describing three of the four known fundamental forces (electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions – excluding gravity) in the universe and classifying all known elementary particles.
Standard Model of Particle Physics. The diagram shows the elementary particles of the Standard Model (the Higgs boson, the three generations of quarks and leptons, and the gauge bosons), including their names, masses, spins, charges, chiralities, and interactions with the strong, weak and electromagnetic forces.
The Standard Model of particle physics was finalized in the mid-1970s upon experimental confirmation of the existence of quarks.Subsequent discoveries of the top quark (1995), the tau neutrino (2000), and the Higgs boson (2013), gave the model further credence.
Despite being the most successful theory of particle physics to date, the Standard Model is not perfect. [3] A large share of the published output of theoretical physicists consists of proposals for various forms of "Beyond the Standard Model" new physics proposals that would modify the Standard Model in ways subtle enough to be consistent with existing data, yet address its imperfections ...
The Harari–Shupe preon model (also known as rishon model, RM) is the earliest effort to develop a preon model to explain the phenomena appearing in the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics. [1] It was first developed independently by Haim Harari and by Michael A. Shupe [2] and later expanded by Harari and his then-student Nathan Seiberg. [3]
The Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) is an extension to the Standard Model that realizes supersymmetry. MSSM is the minimal supersymmetrical model as it considers only "the [minimum] number of new particle states and new interactions consistent with "Reality". [ 1 ]
The neutrino minimal standard model (often abbreviated as νMSM) is an extension of the Standard Model of particle physics, by the addition of three right-handed neutrinos with masses smaller than the electroweak scale.
In theoretical particle physics, the non-commutative Standard Model (best known as Spectral Standard Model [1] [2]), is a model based on noncommutative geometry that unifies a modified form of general relativity with the Standard Model (extended with right-handed neutrinos).