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HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning) equipment needs a control system to regulate the operation of a heating and/or air conditioning system. [1] Usually a sensing device is used to compare the actual state (e.g. temperature) with a target state. Then the control system draws a conclusion what action has to be taken (e.g. start the ...
OpenTherm (OT) is a standard communications protocol used in central heating systems for the communication between central heating appliances and a thermostatic controllers. [1] As a standard, OpenTherm is independent of any single manufacturer. A controller from one manufacturer can in principle be used to control a boiler from another ...
Most modern hot water boiler heating systems have a circulator, which is a pump, to move hot water through the distribution system (as opposed to older gravity-fed systems). The heat can be transferred to the surrounding air using radiators, hot water coils (hydro-air), or other heat exchangers. The radiators may be mounted on walls or ...
A thermostat exerts control by switching heating or cooling devices on or off, or by regulating the flow of a heat transfer fluid as needed, to maintain the correct temperature. A thermostat can often be the main control unit for a heating or cooling system, in applications ranging from ambient air control to automotive coolant control.
Control systems that include some sensing of the results they are trying to achieve are making use of feedback and can adapt to varying circumstances to some extent. Open-loop control systems do not make use of feedback, and run only in pre-arranged ways. Closed-loop controllers have the following advantages over open-loop controllers:
Hydronic balancing, also called hydraulic balancing, is the process of optimizing the distribution of water in a building's hydronic heating or cooling system by equalizing the system pressure. In a balanced system every radiator is set to receive the proper amount of fluid in order to provide the intended indoor climate at optimum energy ...
Distributed heating systems: These systems generate heat in the space they are to heat, without extensive duct systems. Examples include electric space heaters, fireplaces, and solar heating. [ 5 ] Distributed heating systems can be used in combine with central heating to allow year round climate control. [ 6 ]
A hybrid water heater is a water heating system that integrates technology traits from both the tank-type water heaters and the tankless water heaters. [6] It maintains water pressure and consistent supply of hot water across multiple hot water applications, and like its tankless cousins, it is efficient and can supply a continuous flow of hot ...