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The integration of all American schools was a major catalyst for the Civil Rights Movement and racial violence that occurred in the United States during the latter half of the 20th century. [ 4 ] After the Civil War , the first legislation providing rights to African Americans was passed.
Prior to World War II, most public schools in the country were de jure or de facto segregated. All Southern states had Jim Crow Laws mandating racial segregation of schools. . Northern states and some border states were primarily white (in 1940, the populations of Detroit and Chicago were more than 90% white) and existing black populations were concentrated in urban ghettos partly as the ...
Steinhorn, Leonard and Diggs-Brown, Barbara, By the Color of Our Skin: The Illusion of Integration and the Reality of Race. New York: Dutton, 1999. ISBN 0-525-94359-5; Themstrom, Stephan and Abigail, America in Black and White: One Nation, Indivisible New York, NY: Touchstone, 1997. ISBN 0-684-84497-4.
The Emergence of African American Literacy Traditions: Family and Community Efforts in the Nineteenth Century (2004) online; Bond, Horace Mann. The education of the Negro in the American social order (1934) online; Bond, Horace Mann. Negro education in Alabama: a study in cotton and steel (1939) online; Bullock, Henry Allen.
The study did not find an increase in racial balance. Racial unequality remained stable. Researcher Kori Stroub found that the "racial/ethnic resegregation of public schools observed over the 1990s gave way to a period of modest reintegration," but segregation between school districts increased even though within-district segregation is low. [39]
The drawing of school districts is rooted in real estate redlining, a form of lending discrimination against Black families that began in the 1930s. Banks in the U.S. denied mortgages to people of ...
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Brown v. Board of Education did set in motion the future overturning of 'separate but equal'. School integration, Barnard School, Washington, D.C., 1955. On May 18, 1954, Greensboro, North Carolina, became the first city in the South to publicly announce that it would abide by the Supreme Court's Brown v. Board of Education ruling. "It is ...