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Annual ryegrass toxicity (ARGT) is the poisoning of livestock from toxin contained in bacterially infected annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum). The toxin is produced by the bacterium Rathayibacter toxicus (formerly Clavibacter toxicus ), which is carried into the ryegrass by the nematode Anguina funesta .
Prosulfocarb is a pre-emergent herbicide used agriculturally in Australia, the EU, Japan, New Zealand, (since 2020), Morocco and Iran, for control of annual ryegrass and toad rush in wheat and barley crops. [4] [5] [6] [3] It was introduced to the EU in 1988 and is rapidly growing in use, with sales increasing by over 500% in France since 2008. [7]
In addition, it serves as a host for species of the bacteria Clavibacter, which cause annual ryegrass toxicity (ARGT), and can be infected by the poisonous ergot fungus, [9] which causes ergotism in humans and other mammals. [10] Attempts to control it with herbicide have met with an unexpectedly high level of herbicide resistance. Over 90% of ...
Rathayibacter toxicus, transported by the parasitic nematode Anguina funesta, is infectious to annual ryegrass and is the principal cause of annual ryegrass toxicity (ARGT). [1] ARGT is a neurological disorder caused by R. toxicus ’ secretion of a lethal glycolipid toxin (structurally similar to tunicamycin) in infected livestock.
According to Ian Heap, a weed specialist, who completed his PhD on resistance to multiple herbicides in annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in 1988 [189] – the first case of an herbicide-resistant weed in Australia [190] – by 2014 Lolium rigidum was the "world’s worst herbicide-resistant weed" with instances in "12 countries, 11 sites of ...
To mitigate the effects of annual ryegrass toxicity, farmers can move their livestock another, uninfected pasture at first sign of toxicity. [4] Hot water treatments or chemical seed treatments have been used to produce clean seed. [5] Infected pastures can be managed by mowing, herbicide treatments, or burning.
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