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Who Were the Shudras? is a history book published by Indian social reformer and polymath B. R. Ambedkar in 1946. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The book discusses the origin of the Shudra Varna . Ambedkar dedicated the book to Jyotirao Phule (1827–1890).
Shudras were described as the giver of grain and ancient texts describe a Shudra's mode of earning as being "by the sickle and ears of corn". The ancient precept, "Vedas are destroyer of agriculture and agriculture is destroyer of Vedas", is shown as one of the reasons as to why the Shudras were not allowed to learn Vedas.
Gulamgiri is a seminal work authored by Jyotirao Phule, a prominent Indian social activist, anti-caste reformer, thinker, and writer from Maharashtra.Originally published in Marathi in 1873, with a preface in English, the book addresses issues related to caste, slavery, and social reform, making it one of the earliest critiques of the caste system.
In the 1871 and the 1881 colonial era census of British India, Lingayats were listed as shudras. [64] [note 10] According to the sociologist M. N. Srinivas, Lingayats traditionally believed themselves to be equal in status to Brahmins, and some orthodox Lingayats were so anti-Brahmin that they would not eat food cooked or handled by Brahmins.
Nairs were permitted to kill a lower caste Pulayar on sight if they met with one of them on the highway. [10] [better source needed] The Nambudhri Brahmins were top of the caste hierarchy and the Pulayar were at the lowest. [19] According to most travelers, the Nairs were placed below the kings and the Brahmins in Caste hierarchy.
Riddles in Hinduism is an English language book by the Indian social reformer and political leader B. R. Ambedkar, aimed at enlightening the Hindus, and challenging the sanatan (static) view of Hindu civilization circulated by "European scholars and Brahmanic theology".
The varna designation of Reddys is a contested and complex topic. Even after the introduction of the varna concept to south India, caste boundaries in south India were not as marked as in north India, where the four-tier varna system placed the priestly Brahmins on top followed by the Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras.
On 6 August 1991 at around 11.00 am, police forces suddenly entered the homes of Mala Dalit families, causing the Mala men to flee into the fields at the request of the local women who were worried about their safety. [3] Armed Reddy men were lying in wait. and when the Dalit men entered the fields they were hacked down and murdered. [3]