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The Whittaker–Shannon interpolation formula or sinc interpolation is a method to construct a continuous-time bandlimited function from a sequence of real numbers. The formula dates back to the works of E. Borel in 1898, and E. T. Whittaker in 1915, and was cited from works of J. M. Whittaker in 1935, and in the formulation of the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem by Claude Shannon in 1949.
For simplicity, consider the set of numbers {,,,,} with each number having weights {,,,,} respectively. The median is 3 and the weighted median is the element corresponding to the weight 0.3, which is 4.
Passer rating (also known as passing efficiency in college football) is a measure of the performance of passers, primarily quarterbacks, in gridiron football. [1] There are two formulas currently in use: one used by both the National Football League (NFL) and Canadian Football League (CFL), and the other used in NCAA football.
For the trivial case in which all the weights are equal to 1, the above formula is just like the regular formula for the variance of the mean (but notice that it uses the maximum likelihood estimator for the variance instead of the unbiased variance. I.e.: dividing it by n instead of (n-1)).
The formula was first discovered by Abraham de Moivre [2] in the form ! [] +. De Moivre gave an approximate rational-number expression for the natural logarithm of the constant. Stirling's contribution consisted of showing that the constant is precisely 2 π {\displaystyle {\sqrt {2\pi }}} .
For non-magnetic media we can substitute the vacuum permeability μ 0 for μ, so that = ; =; that is, the admittances are simply proportional to the corresponding refractive indices. When we make these substitutions in equations ( 13 ) to ( 16 ) and equations ( 21 ) to ( 26 ), the factor cμ 0 cancels out.
The sample mean is the average of the values of a variable in a sample, which is the sum of those values divided by the number of values. Using mathematical notation, if a sample of N observations on variable X is taken from the population, the sample mean is:
To compute the integral, we set n to its value and use the reduction formula to express it in terms of the (n – 1) or (n – 2) integral. The lower index integral can be used to calculate the higher index ones; the process is continued repeatedly until we reach a point where the function to be integrated can be computed, usually when its index is 0 or 1.