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The monoblast is the first stage of monocyte-macrophage maturation. The developmental stages of the monoblast are: CFU-GM (pluripotential hemopoietic stem cell or hemocytoblast) -> monoblast -> promonocyte-> monocyte-> macrophage/dendritic cell. During their development, monocytes are present in large packs in all of the lymph nodes in the body ...
The intermediate monocyte expresses high levels of CD14 and low levels of CD16 (CD14 ++ CD16 + monocytes). While in humans the level of CD14 expression can be used to differentiate non-classical and intermediate monocytes, the slan (6-Sulfo LacNAc) cell surface marker was shown to give an unequivocal separation of the two cell types. [10] [11]
CD163 (Cluster of Differentiation 163) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD163 gene. [5] CD163 is the high affinity scavenger receptor for the hemoglobin-haptoglobin complex [6] and in the absence of haptoglobin - with lower affinity - for hemoglobin alone. [7] It also is a marker of cells from the monocyte/macrophage lineage. [8]
In biology, a marker gene may have several meanings. In nuclear biology and molecular biology, a marker gene is a gene used to determine if a nucleic acid sequence has been successfully inserted into an organism's DNA. In particular, there are two sub-types of these marker genes: a selectable marker and a marker for screening.
Genome editing, or genome engineering, or gene editing, is a type of genetic engineering in which DNA is inserted, deleted, modified or replaced in the genome of a living organism. Unlike early genetic engineering techniques that randomly insert genetic material into a host genome, genome editing targets the insertions to site-specific locations.
Genetic markers can be used to study the relationship between an inherited disease and its genetic cause (for example, a particular mutation of a gene that results in a defective protein). It is known that pieces of DNA that lie near each other on a chromosome tend to be inherited together.
CCL2 is primarily secreted by monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells. Platelet derived growth factor is a major inducer of CCL2 gene. CCR2 and CCR4 are two cell surface receptors that bind CCL2. [14] CCL2 exhibits a chemotactic activity for monocytes and basophils. However, it does not attract neutrophils or eosinophils.
CCR2 surface expression on blood monocytes changes in a time-of-day–dependent manner (being higher at the beginning of the active phase) and affects monocytes recruitment in tissues including the heart. As a consequence when an acute ischemic event happens during the active phase, monocytes are more susceptible to invade the heart. [10]