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  2. Letter frequency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_frequency

    The California Job Case was a compartmentalized box for printing in the 19th century, sizes corresponding to the commonality of letters. The frequency of letters in text has been studied for use in cryptanalysis, and frequency analysis in particular, dating back to the Arab mathematician al-Kindi (c. AD 801–873 ), who formally developed the method (the ciphers breakable by this technique go ...

  3. Comparison of programming languages (string functions)

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_programming...

    Cobra, D, JavaScript: string.length() Number of UTF-16 code units: Java (string-length string) Scheme (length string) Common Lisp, ISLISP (count string) Clojure: String.length string: OCaml: size string: Standard ML: length string: Number of Unicode code points Haskell: string.length: Number of UTF-16 code units Objective-C (NSString * only ...

  4. Boyer–Moore string-search algorithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyer–Moore_string-search...

    P denotes the string to be searched for, called the pattern. Its length is m. S[i] denotes the character at index i of string S, counting from 1. S[i..j] denotes the substring of string S starting at index i and ending at j, inclusive. A prefix of S is a substring S[1..i] for some i in range [1, l], where l is the length of S.

  5. String-searching algorithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String-searching_algorithm

    A string-searching algorithm, sometimes called string-matching algorithm, is an algorithm that searches a body of text for portions that match by pattern. A basic example of string searching is when the pattern and the searched text are arrays of elements of an alphabet ( finite set ) Σ.

  6. Knuth–Morris–Pratt algorithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knuth–Morris–Pratt...

    In computer science, the Knuth–Morris–Pratt algorithm (or KMP algorithm) is a string-searching algorithm that searches for occurrences of a "word" W within a main "text string" S by employing the observation that when a mismatch occurs, the word itself embodies sufficient information to determine where the next match could begin, thus bypassing re-examination of previously matched characters.

  7. Comparison of programming languages (basic instructions)

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_programming...

    a modified_identifier_list is a comma-separated list of two or more occurrences of modified_identifier; and a declarator_list is a comma-separated list of declarators, which can be of the form identifier As object_creation_expression (object initializer declarator) ,

  8. Word list - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_list

    Word frequency is known to have various effects (Brysbaert et al. 2011; Rudell 1993). Memorization is positively affected by higher word frequency, likely because the learner is subject to more exposures (Laufer 1997). Lexical access is positively influenced by high word frequency, a phenomenon called word frequency effect (Segui et al.).

  9. Counting sort - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counting_sort

    Here input is the input array to be sorted, key returns the numeric key of each item in the input array, count is an auxiliary array used first to store the numbers of items with each key, and then (after the second loop) to store the positions where items with each key should be placed, k is the maximum value of the non-negative key values and ...