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Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution is a 1902 collection of anthropological essays by Russian naturalist and anarchist philosopher Peter Kropotkin.The essays, initially published in the English periodical The Nineteenth Century between 1890 and 1896, [1] explore the role of mutually beneficial cooperation and reciprocity (or "mutual aid") in the animal kingdom and human societies both past and ...
According to Kirkpatrick Sale, "[w]ith Mutual Aid especially, and later with Fields, Factories, and Workshops, Kropotkin was able to move away from the absurdist limitations of individual anarchism and no-laws anarchism that had flourished during this period and provide instead a vision of communal anarchism, following the models of independent ...
A mutual-aid soup kitchen Conder Street Mission Hall, 1881. The term "mutual aid" was popularized by the anarchist philosopher Peter Kropotkin in his essay collection Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution, which argued that cooperation, not competition, was the driving mechanism behind evolution, through biological mutualism.
In 1886, Kropotkin was released from French prison. Fearful of the anarchist scare that was gripping continental Europe following the assassination of Alexander II and wishing to focus more time on composing theory and arguing for his revolutionary ideals, Kropotkin moved to London in the same year. [2]
Mutual Banking: Showing the Radical Deficiency of the Present Circulating Medium and the Advantages of a Free Currency. Kropotkin, Peter (1902). Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution. Lloyd, J. William (1927). Anarchist-Mutualism. Individualist anarchist criticism. Long, Roderick T., ed. (Winter 2006). Journal of Libertarian Studies 20 (1).
Nevertheless, in many countries, for example in Europe, mutual benefit societies continue to provide statutory and supplementary healthcare coverage. [citation needed] Peter Kropotkin posited early in the 20th century that mutual aid affiliations predate human culture and are as much a factor in evolution as is the "survival of the fittest ...
After its initial release, Kropotkin continued to revise his Memoirs with Russian-language additions in a translation of the 1902 English release. These were published in multiple editions between 1906 and 1929. The canonical 1933 Soviet Academia edition derived from Kropotkin's Russian manuscript and became the basis for Soviet reprints. [1]
Kropotkin is a biography of the Russian anarchist Peter Kropotkin written by historian Martin A. Miller and first published in 1976 by University of Chicago Press.. In comparison to the earlier Kropotkin biography, The Anarchist Prince, written by George Woodcock and Ivan Avakumović in 1950, Miller's Kropotkin was more comparatively more scholarly and critical, with a fuller bibliography.