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The N in H5N1 stands for "Neuraminidase", the protein depicted in this ribbon diagram. H5N1 is a subtype of Influenza A virus. Like all subtypes it is an enveloped negative-sense RNA virus, with a segmented genome. [37] Subtypes of IAV are defined by the combination of the antigenic hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins in the viral envelope.
Between 2003 and December 2024, the World Health Organization has recorded 963 cases of confirmed H5N1 influenza, leading to 465 deaths. [10] The true fatality rate may be lower because some cases with mild symptoms may not have been identified as H5N1. [11] A/H5N1 influenza virus was first identified in farmed birds in southern China in 1996. [12]
Subtypes of IAV are defined by the combination of the antigenic H and N proteins in the viral envelope; for example, "H1N1" designates an IAV subtype that has a type-1 hemagglutinin (H) protein and a type-1 neuraminidase (N) protein. [7] Almost all possible combinations of H (1 through 16) and N (1 through 11) have been isolated from wild birds ...
Although a wide variety of bird species have been shown to contract and spread Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, from waterfowl to poultry and birds of prey, mammalian infections have been of particular interest to researchers due to their potential to develop mutations that increase the risk of mammal-to-mammal spread and transmission to and among humans.
Highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza in a human appears to be far worse, killing over 50% of humans reported infected with the virus, although it is unknown how many cases (with milder symptoms) go unreported. In one case, a boy with H5N1 experienced diarrhea followed rapidly by a coma without developing respiratory or flu-like symptoms. [41]
To date, most cases of H5N1 bird flu in people have been mild, involving conjunctivitis, or pink eye, and mild upper respiratory symptoms.
CHICAGO (Reuters) -H5N1 bird flu was confirmed in a pig on a backyard farm in Oregon, the first detection of the virus in swine in the country, the U.S. Department of Agriculture said on Wednesday.
H5N1 influenza virus is a type of influenza A virus which mostly infects birds. H5N1 flu is a concern because its global spread may constitute a pandemic threat. The yardstick for human mortality from H5N1 is the case-fatality rate (CFR); the ratio of the number of confirmed human deaths resulting from infection of H5N1 to the number of those confirmed cases of infection with the virus.