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In a massive study of 3482 patients undergoing lumbar spine surgery from the National Spine Network, co-morbidities of (1) smoking, (2) compensation, (3) self reported poor overall health and (4) pre-existing psychological factors were predictive in a high risk of failure. Followup was carried out at 3 months and one year after surgery.
Pain psychology involves the implementation of treatments for chronic pain. Pain psychology can also be regarded as a branch of medical psychology, as many conditions associated with chronic pain have significant medical outcomes. Untreated pain or ineffective treatment of pain can result in symptoms of anxiety and depression, thus it is vital ...
Neurogenic claudication commonly describes pain, weakness, fatigue, tingling, heaviness and paresthesias that extend into the lower extremities. [9] These symptoms may involve only one leg, but they usually involve both. Leg pain is usually more significant than back pain in individuals who have both. [12]
Amplified musculoskeletal pain syndrome (AMPS) is an illness characterized by notable pain intensity without an identifiable physical cause. [1] [6] Characteristic symptoms include skin sensitivity to light touch, also known as allodynia. Associated symptoms may include changes associated with disuse including changes in skin texture, color ...
The most common use of SCS is failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS) in the United States and peripheral ischemic pain in Europe. [4] [5]As of 2014 the FDA had approved SCS as a treatment for FBSS, chronic pain, complex regional pain syndrome, intractable angina, as well as visceral abdominal and perineal pain [1] and pain in the extremities from nerve damage.
The IASP broadens this definition to include psychogenic pain with the following points: Pain is always a personal experience that is influenced to varying degrees by biological, psychological, and social factors. Through their life experience, individuals learn the concept of pain. A person's report of an experience of pain should be respected ...
Surgery for back pain is typically used as a last resort, when serious neurological deficit is evident. [52] A 2009 systematic review of back surgery studies found that, for certain diagnoses, surgery is moderately better than other common treatments, but the benefits of surgery often decline in the long term. [73]
An example of this is a recognition test, where patients are asked to determine, after surgery, which of a selection of words could be heard during the surgery. The following scenario is an example. Patients were exposed during anesthesia to a list of words containing the word "pension".