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Penning vacuum gauge (cut-away) There are two subtypes of cold-cathode ionization gauges: the Penning gauge (invented by Frans Michel Penning), and the inverted magnetron, also called a Redhead gauge. The major difference between the two is the position of the anode with respect to the cathode.
The Pirani gauge is a robust thermal conductivity gauge used for the measurement of the pressures in vacuum systems. [1] It was invented in 1906 by Marcello Pirani. [2] Marcello Stefano Pirani was a German physicist working for Siemens & Halske which was involved in the vacuum lamp industry.
A Penning trap is a device for the storage of charged particles using a homogeneous magnetic field and a quadrupole electric field. It is mostly found in the physical sciences and related fields of study for precision measurements of properties of ions and stable subatomic particles , like for example mass, [ 1 ] fission yields and isomeric ...
Penning ionization is a form of chemi-ionization, an ionization process involving reactions between neutral atoms or molecules. [1] [2] The Penning effect is put to practical use in applications such as gas-discharge neon lamps and fluorescent lamps, where the lamp is filled with a Penning mixture to improve the electrical characteristics of the lamps.
Vacuum gauges This page was last edited on 14 June 2011, at 20:07 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply.
Frans Michel Penning (12 September 1894 – 6 December 1953) was a Dutch experimental physicist. [1] He received his PhD from the University of Leiden in 1923, [2] and studied low pressure gas discharges at the Philips Laboratory in Eindhoven, developing new electron tubes during World War II.
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