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Several strategies have been proposed as a way to protect those who are at greatest risk of occupational exposure to PFAS, including exposure monitoring, regular blood testing, and the use of PFAS-free alternatives such as fluorine-free firefighting foam and plant-based ski wax. [228]
Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid is usually used as the sodium or potassium salts. PFOS was the key ingredient in Scotchgard, a fabric protector made by 3M, and numerous stain repellents. PFOS, together with PFOA, has also been used to make aqueous film forming foam (AFFF), a component of fire-fighting foams, and alcohol-type concentrate foams.
A new EU drinking water directive issued in 2020 adopted PFAS limit values. The limit values are 0.1 μg/L for the sum of 20 PFASs including PFHxS, and 0.5 μg/L for the sum of all PFASs. This directive is binding for all EU member nations. It is a minimum directive, and member states can elect to adopt stricter regulations. [19]
The analysis also found nearly one-third of new ingredients approved by federal agencies for use in pesticides in the past decade contained PFAS, likely due to the longevity and other benefits ...
This method is used, for example, in the analysis of fire-fighting foams (aqueous film forming foam), textiles or water samples. [3] [4] Blood serum can also be analyzed in this way. [5] Neutral, anionic and cationic precursor compounds may be distinguished using an extention of the method published in 2025. [6]
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA; conjugate base perfluorooctanoate; also known colloquially as C8, for its 8-carbon chain structure) is a perfluorinated carboxylic acid produced and used worldwide as an industrial surfactant in chemical processes and as a material feedstock.
In a U.S. Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) study, fluorotelomer-based paper coatings (which can be applied to food contact paper in the concentration range of 0.4%) were found to contain 88,000–160,000 parts per billion PFOA, while microwave popcorn bags contained 6–290 parts per billion PFOA.
Perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) is a fluorosurfactant and has been used in industry. [2] PFDA is a member of the group of polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), more specific is it also a perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA). PFAS, like PFDA, are man-made and are not naturally occurring in nature.