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Immunological responses could be the cause in many cases of infertility and miscarriage. Some immunological factors that contribute to infertility are reproductive autoimmune failure syndrome, the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies, and antinuclear antibodies. Antiphospholipid antibodies are targeted toward the phospholipids of the cell ...
Causes tab, [3] [13] Risk factors include a mother's age over 35, smoking, drug use, use of assisted reproductive technology, and first pregnancy. [4] Stillbirth may be suspected when no fetal movement is felt. [5] Confirmation is by ultrasound. [5] Worldwide prevention of most stillbirths is possible with improved health systems. [2]:
The maternal immune system, specifically within the uterus, makes some changes in order to allow for implantation and protect a pregnancy from attack. One of these changes are to the uterine natural killer cells (uNK). NK cells, part of the innate immune system, are cytotoxic and responsible for attacking pathogens and infected cells.
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Early stillbirth is between 20 and 27 weeks gestation, while late stillbirth is between 28 and 36 weeks gestation. A term stillbirth is when the fetus dies 37 weeks and above. [47] This phenomenon can go beyond grief and can lead to worries about strange maternal feelings or postpartum treatment regarding complications of childbirth. [48]
The antibodies can be naturally occurring such as anti-A, and anti-B, or immune antibodies developed following a sensitizing event. [11] Isoimmunization occurs when the maternal immune system is sensitized to red blood cell surface antigens. The most common causes of isoimmunization are blood transfusion, and fetal-maternal hemorrhage. [12]
These diseases are a set of signs and symptoms characteristic of a particular immune disorder and tend to occur together in people with the same disorder. These disorders include combined immunodeficiencies of T cells and B cells (i.e., gene defects that alter the development and function of the immune system). 3).
During pregnancy, women with preeclampsia faces serious risk of damage to vital organs such as the kidneys, liver, brain, and the blood system. This hypertensive disorder may also cause damage to the placenta leading to issues such as premature births, miscarriages, placental abruption, or even stillbirths. In some cases, preeclampsia can ...