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Political subdivisions of the Indian Empire in 1909 with British India (pink) and the princely states (yellow) Before it gained independence in 1947, India (also called the Indian Empire) was divided into two sets of territories, one under direct British rule (British India), and the other consisting of princely states under the suzerainty of the British Crown, with control over their internal ...
The first European to reach India via the Atlantic Ocean was the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama, who reached Calicut in 1498 in search of spice. [3] Just over a century later, the Dutch and English established trading outposts on the Indian subcontinent, with the first English trading post set up at Surat in 1613.
The desire for a united India was an outcome of both their pride in having politically unified the subcontinent and the doubts of most British authorities as to the feasibility of Pakistan. [1] The desire for Indian unity was symbolised by the Cabinet Mission, which arrived in New Delhi on 24 March 1946, [ 2 ] which was sent by the British ...
[2] [3] Those who opposed it often adhered to the doctrine of composite nationalism in the Indian subcontinent. [4] The Indian National Congress, as well as the All India Azad Muslim Conference, opposed the partition of India; the president of the All India Azad Muslim Conference and Chief Minister of Sind, Shadeed Allah Bakhsh Soomro, stated ...
When Indian forces, undertaking Operation Blue Star, raided the hideout of self-rule pressing [109] Khalistan militants in the Golden Temple — Sikhs' most holy shrine – in Amritsar, the inadvertent deaths of civilians and damage to the temple building inflamed tensions in the Sikh community across India. The Government used intensive police ...
The defeat of the formidable Indian ruler Tipu Sultan in 1799 marginalised the French influence. This was followed by a rapid expansion of British power through the greater part of the Indian subcontinent in the early 19th century. By the middle of the century, the British had already gained direct or indirect control over almost all parts of ...
The Indian Independence Act 1947 (10 & 11 Geo. 6. c. c. 30) is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that partitioned British India into the two new independent dominions of India and Pakistan .
Among antient texts, the Indian subcontinent came to be called Bharat under the rule of Bharata. [5] The Maurya Empire was the first to unite all of India, and South Asia (including parts of Afghanistan). [6] Much of India has also been unified by later empires, such as the Mughal Empire, [7] Maratha Empire. [8]