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DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM) is an email authentication method designed to detect forged sender addresses in email (email spoofing), a technique often used in phishing and email spam. DKIM allows the receiver to check that an email that claimed to have come from a specific domain was indeed authorized by the owner of that domain. [1]
DMARC operates by checking that the domain in the message's From: field (also called "RFC5322.From" [2]) is "aligned" with other authenticated domain names.If either SPF (specified using the aspf field) or DKIM (specified using the adkim field) alignment checks pass, then the DMARC alignment test passes.
The possibility to query an address may allow easier deployment of existing code. However, their techfaq [5] recommends checking the domain (the value of the d= tag) of a valid DKIM-Signature by querying the corresponding TXT record, and their howto [6] gives details about inserting VBR-Info header fields in messages signed by whitelisted ...
The DNS protocol specifies that when a client queries for a specific record type (e.g., TXT) for a certain domain name (e.g., example.com), all records of that type must be returned in the same DNS message. That may lead to large transactions with lots of "unnecessary" information being transferred and/or uncertainty about which TXT record to use.
Even if the SPF and DKIM validation fail, the receiving service can choose to validate the ARC chain. If it indicates that the original message passed the SPF and DKIM checks, and the only modifications were made by intermediaries trusted by the receiving service, the receiving service may choose to accept the email.
An Author Domain Signature is a valid DKIM signature in which the domain name of the DKIM signing entity, i.e., the d tag in the DKIM-Signature header field, is the same as the domain name in the author address. This binding recognizes a higher value for author domain signatures than other valid signatures that may happen to be found in a message.
It allows the administrative owner of a domain to publish a policy in their DNS records to specify which mechanism (DKIM, SPF or both) is employed when sending email from that domain; how to check the From: field presented to end users; how the receiver should deal with failures - and a reporting mechanism for actions performed under those ...
nslookup operates in interactive or non-interactive mode. When used interactively by invoking it without arguments or when the first argument is - (minus sign) and the second argument is a hostname or Internet address of a name server, the user issues parameter configurations or requests when presented with the nslookup prompt (>).