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Senescent hepatic stellate cells have been demonstrated to limit liver fibrosis by activating interactions with NK cells. [12] [13] Senescence of hepatic stellate cells could prevent progression of liver fibrosis, although this has not been implemented as a therapy, and would carry the risk of hepatic dysfunction. [14]
Cytokines and superoxides go on to cause inflammation and oxidizing damage respectively, while TNFα triggers the stellate cells in the liver to initiate collagen synthesis. These processes result in fibrosis, or scarring of the liver. Fibrosis will eventually cause cirrhosis, a loss of function of the liver due to extensive scarring. [10]
Research has shown the pivotal role of the stellate cell, that normally stores vitamin A, in the development of cirrhosis. Damage to the liver tissue from inflammation leads to the activation of stellate cells, which increases fibrosis through the production of myofibroblasts, and obstructs hepatic blood flow. [60]
Liver injury from a number of causes can activate the hepatic stellate cells into transdifferentiated and prolific myofibroblasts. [4] The myofibroblasts synthesize and secrete components of the extracellular matrix including collagen into the perisinusoidal space. [4]
Liver cell death and inflammatory responses lead to the activation of hepatic stellate cells, which play a pivotal role in hepatic fibrosis. The extent of fibrosis varies widely. Perisinusoidal fibrosis is most common, especially in adults, and predominates in zone 3 around the terminal hepatic veins. [25]
Senescence of hepatic stellate cells could prevent progression of liver fibrosis, although has not yet been implemented as a therapy due to risks associated with hepatic dysfunction. [10] Bridging fibrosis in a Wistar rat following a six-week course of thioacetamide. Sirius Red stain. Cirrhosis
[16] [32] [33] In the liver, ongoing necrosis leads to the activation of hepatic ILC2s which release amphiregulin along with IL-13. The release of them activates the hepatic stellate cells that transform into myofibroblasts , and ultimately promotes liver fibrosis.
Liver cytology is the branch of cytology that studies the liver cells and its functions. The liver is a vital organ, in charge of almost all the body’s metabolism. Main liver cells are hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, and hepatic stellate cells; each one with a specific function.