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Cation-exchange capacity is measured by displacing all the bound cations with a concentrated solution of another cation, and then measuring either the displaced cations or the amount of added cation that is retained. [1] Barium (Ba 2+) and ammonium (NH 4 +) are frequently used as exchanger cations, although many other methods are available. [4] [5]
Soil fertility is a complex process that involves the constant cycling of nutrients between organic and inorganic forms. As plant material and animal wastes are decomposed by micro-organisms, they release inorganic nutrients to the soil solution, a process referred to as mineralization. Those nutrients may then undergo further transformations ...
The degree to which a given amount of lime per unit of soil volume will increase soil pH depends on the buffer capacity of the soil (this is generally related to soil cation exchange capacity or CEC). Most acid soils are saturated with aluminum rather than hydrogen ions. Soil acidity generally results from hydrolysis of aluminum. [4]
It has a low shrink–swell capacity and a low cation-exchange capacity (1–15 meq/100 g). Rocks that are rich in kaolinite, and halloysite, are known as kaolin (/ ˈ k eɪ. ə l ɪ n /) or china clay. [9] In many parts of the world kaolin is colored pink-orange-red by iron oxide, giving it a distinct rust hue. Lower concentrations of iron ...
As described by NSF/ANSI Standard 44, [8] ion-exchange devices reduce the hardness by replacing magnesium and calcium (Mg 2+ and Ca 2+) with sodium or potassium ions (Na + and K +)." Ion-exchange resins are organic polymers containing anionic functional groups to which the divalent cations (Ca 2+) bind more strongly than monovalent cations (Na +).
The cation exchange principle was discovered by Thomas Way and John Bennet Lawes at Rothamsted Experimental Station in the 19th century. In 1892 Oscar Loew observed that both calcium and magnesium can be toxic to plants when there is an excess of one and a deficiency of the other, thus suggesting there may be an optimal Ca:Mg ratio.
Cation exchange capacity is the soil's ability to remove cations from the soil water solution and sequester those to be exchanged later as the plant roots release hydrogen ions to the solution. [103] CEC is the amount of exchangeable hydrogen cations (H + ) that will combine with 100 grams dry weight of soil and whose measure is one ...
Polystyrene sulfonate, a cation-exchange resin, is typically supplied with Na + as the counterion.. In chemistry, a counterion (sometimes written as "counter ion", pronounced as such) is the ion that accompanies an ionic species in order to maintain electric neutrality.