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Magnetic current density, which has the unit V/m 2 (volt per square meter), is usually represented by the symbols and . [a] The superscripts indicate total and impressed magnetic current density. [1] The impressed currents are the energy sources. In many useful cases, a distribution of electric charge can be mathematically replaced by an ...
Substitution gives the non-homogeneous Maxwell equations in potential form. Many different choices of A and φ are consistent with given observable electric and magnetic fields E and B, so the potentials seem to contain more, (classically) unobservable information. The non uniqueness of the potentials is well understood, however.
Assuming the external magnetic field is uniform and shares a common axis with the paramagnet, the extensive parameter characterizing the magnetic state is , the magnetic dipole moment of the system. The fundamental thermodynamic relation describing the system will then be of the form U = U ( S , V , I , N ) {\displaystyle U=U(S,V,I,N)} .
> is the (volume) magnetic susceptibility, is the magnitude of the resulting magnetization (A/m), is the magnitude of the applied magnetic field (A/m), is absolute temperature , is a material-specific Curie constant (K).
The current density J is itself the result of the magnetic field according to Ohm's law. Again, due to matter motion and current flow, this is not necessarily the field at the same place and time. However these relations can still be used to deduce orders of magnitude of the quantities in question.
When a magnetic field is approximated as force-free, all non-magnetic forces are neglected and the Lorentz force vanishes. For non-magnetic forces to be neglected, it is assumed that the ratio of the plasma pressure to the magnetic pressure —the plasma β —is much less than one, i.e., β ≪ 1 {\displaystyle \beta \ll 1} .
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Using Nitrogen-vacancy center microscopy and X-ray magnetic linear dichroism (XMLD), they visualized spin-polarized currents arising from the crystal-symmetry-protected altermagnetic order. This order featured antiparallel spin alignment within distinct crystal sublattices, creating a compensating spin polarization without macroscopic ...