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The Nuremberg Code (German: Nürnberger Kodex) is a set of ethical research principles for human experimentation created by the court in U.S. v Brandt, one of the Subsequent Nuremberg trials that were held after the Second World War.
In response, Drs. Leo Alexander and Andrew Conway Ivy, the American Medical Association representatives at the Doctors' Trial, drafted a ten-point memorandum entitled Permissible Medical Experiment that went on to be known as the Nuremberg Code. [65]
One of the earliest models for ethical human experimentation, preceding the Nuremberg Code, was established in 1931. [4] In the Weimar Republic of 20th century pre-Nazi Germany, the entity known as Reichsgesundheitsamt [5] (translating roughly to National Health Service), under the Ministry of the Interior [6] formulated a list of 14 points detailing these ethical principles.
Around World War II, Imperial Japan and Nazi Germany carried out brutal experiments on prisoners and civilians through groups like Unit 731 or individuals like Josef Mengele; the Nuremberg Code was developed after the war in response to the Nazi experiments. Countries have carried out brutal experiments on marginalized populations.
Typically, the experiments resulted in death, trauma, disfigurement or permanent disability, and as such are considered as examples of medical torture. After the war, these crimes were tried at what became known as the Doctors' Trial, and the abuses perpetrated led to the development of the Nuremberg Code. [42]
The Declaration developed the ten principles first stated in the Nuremberg Code, and tied them to the Declaration of Geneva (1948), a statement of physicians' ethical duties. The Declaration more specifically addressed clinical research, reflecting changes in medical practice from the term ' Human Experimentation ' used in the Nuremberg Code.
At that time, there was no formal code of ethics in medical research to which the judges could hold the accused Nazi doctors accountable. The "scientific experiments" exposed during the trials led to the Nuremberg Code, developed in 1949 as a ten-point code of human experimentation ethics. [5] During his trial, Schilling made a plea in English.
America's shutting down of prison experimentation such as those in the Holmesburg prison signified the compliance of the Nuremberg Code of 1947. Allen M. Hornblum described, "what happened at Holmesburg was just as gruesome as Tuskegee , but at Holmesburg it happened to smack dab in the middle of a major city, not in some backwoods in Alabama.