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The use of TLS Token Binding allows for more robust web authentication. Several web authentication standards developed by standards bodies outside of IETF are adopting the draft standards. Draft OpenID Connect Token Bound Authentication 1.0. [11] OpenID Connect (OIDC) is a simple identity layer on top of the OAuth 2.0 protocol. OIDC enables ...
The PKCS #11 standard defines a platform-independent API to cryptographic tokens, such as hardware security modules (HSM) and smart cards, and names the API itself "Cryptoki" (from "cryptographic token interface" and pronounced as "crypto-key", although "PKCS #11" is often used to refer to the API as well as the standard that defines it).
The simplest example of a challenge-response protocol is password authentication, where the challenge is asking for the password and the valid response is the correct password. An adversary who can eavesdrop on a password authentication can authenticate themselves by reusing the intercepted password. One solution is to issue multiple passwords ...
An alternative approach to the problem of public authentication of public key information is the web-of-trust scheme, which uses self-signed certificates and third-party attestations of those certificates. The singular term "web of trust" does not imply the existence of a single web of trust, or common point of trust, but rather one of any ...
The facts, or claims, are transported in an "envelope" called a secure token. Claims-based identity can greatly simplify the authentication process because the user doesn't have to sign in multiple times to multiple applications. A single sign in creates the token which is then used to authenticate against multiple applications, or web sites.
Some strong authentication protocols for web-based applications that are occasionally used include: Public key authentication (usually implemented with a HTTPS / SSL client certificate) using a client certificate. Kerberos or SPNEGO authentication, employed for example by Microsoft IIS running configured for Integrated Windows Authentication (IWA).
The specification allows a variety of signature formats, encryption algorithms and multiple trust domains, and is open to various security token models, such as: X.509 certificates, Kerberos tickets, User ID/Password credentials, SAML Assertions, and; custom-defined tokens. The token formats and semantics are defined in the associated profile ...
Signature-based client authentication using an already existing certificate would be the preferred mechanism but in many use cases is not possible or not supported by the given deployments. As an alternative, SCEP just provides the use of a shared secret, which should be client-specific and used only once.