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Chainer was the first deep learning framework to introduce the define-by-run approach. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] The traditional procedure to train a network was in two phases: define the fixed connections between mathematical operations (such as matrix multiplication and nonlinear activations) in the network, and then run the actual training calculation.
Although the Python interface is more polished and the primary focus of development, PyTorch also has a C++ interface. [14] A number of pieces of deep learning software are built on top of PyTorch, including Tesla Autopilot, [15] Uber's Pyro, [16] Hugging Face's Transformers, [17] PyTorch Lightning, [18] [19] and Catalyst. [20] [21]
JAX is a machine learning framework for transforming numerical functions. [2] [3] [4] It is described as bringing together a modified version of autograd (automatic obtaining of the gradient function through differentiation of a function) and OpenXLA's XLA (Accelerated Linear Algebra).
The Open Neural Network Exchange (ONNX) [ˈɒnɪks] [2] is an open-source artificial intelligence ecosystem [3] of technology companies and research organizations that establish open standards for representing machine learning algorithms and software tools to promote innovation and collaboration in the AI sector. ONNX is available on GitHub.
Python: Python: Only on Linux No Yes No Yes Yes Keras: François Chollet 2015 MIT license: Yes Linux, macOS, Windows: Python: Python, R: Only if using Theano as backend Can use Theano, Tensorflow or PlaidML as backends Yes No Yes Yes [20] Yes Yes No [21] Yes [22] Yes MATLAB + Deep Learning Toolbox (formally Neural Network Toolbox) MathWorks ...
Designed to enable fast experimentation with deep neural networks, Keras focuses on being user-friendly, modular, and extensible. It was developed as part of the research effort of project ONEIROS (Open-ended Neuro-Electronic Intelligent Robot Operating System), [ 5 ] and its primary author and maintainer is François Chollet , a Google engineer.
Numpy is one of the most popular Python data libraries, and TensorFlow offers integration and compatibility with its data structures. [66] Numpy NDarrays, the library's native datatype, are automatically converted to TensorFlow Tensors in TF operations; the same is also true vice versa. [ 66 ]
spaCy (/ s p eɪ ˈ s iː / spay-SEE) is an open-source software library for advanced natural language processing, written in the programming languages Python and Cython. [3] [4] The library is published under the MIT license and its main developers are Matthew Honnibal and Ines Montani, the founders of the software company Explosion.