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Phenanthrene is used to make dyes, plastics, pesticides, explosives, and drugs. It has also been used to make bile acids, cholesterol and steroids. [3] Phenanthrene occurs naturally and also is a man-made chemical. Commonly, humans are exposed to phenanthrene through inhalation of cigarette smoke, but there are many routes of exposure.
Anthracene is a solid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) of formula C 14 H 10, consisting of three fused benzene rings. It is a component of coal tar. Anthracene is used in the production of the red dye alizarin and other dyes. Anthracene is colorless but exhibits a blue (400–500 nm peak) fluorescence under ultraviolet radiation. [13]
A Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) is a class of organic compounds that is composed of multiple aromatic rings.Most are produced by the incomplete combustion of organic matter— by engine exhaust fumes, tobacco, incinerators, in roasted meats and cereals, [1] or when biomass burns at lower temperatures as in forest fires.
As a result, while anthracene reacts with maleic acid, phenanthrene does not, and triphenylene is the most stable species of these three. [ 1 ] Three Clar structures with an increasing number of π-sextets: anthracene (on the left), phenanthrene (in the middle), and triphenylene (on the right).
Diboraanthracene is a class of boron heterocyclic compounds in which two boron atoms substitute two carbon atoms in anthracene (C₁₄H₁₀), one of the typical polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The most well-studied diboraanthracene is 9,10-disubstituted-9,10-diboraanthracene (DBA) and its doubly reduced dianion (DBA²⁻).
When two drugs affect each other, it is a drug–drug interaction (DDI). The risk of a DDI increases with the number of drugs used. [1] A large share of elderly people regularly use five or more medications or supplements, with a significant risk of side-effects from drug–drug interactions. [2] Drug interactions can be of three kinds:
Drug interactions with anthracyclines can be complex and might be due to the effect, side effects, or metabolism of the anthracycline. Drugs which inhibit Cytochrome P450 or other oxidases may reduce clearance of anthracyclines, prolonging their circulating half-life which can increase cardiotoxicity and other side effects. [ 57 ]
Nudol is a phenanthrene from the orchids Eulophia nuda, Eria carinata and Eria stricta. [10] 9,10-Dihydro-2,5-dimethoxyphenanthrene-1,7-diol is a phenanthrene from Eulophia nuda. This compound shows cytotoxic activity against human cancer cells. [11] 2,7-Dihydroxy-3,6-dimethoxyphenanthrene is a phenanthrene from Dehaasia longipedicellata. [12]