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The 18th-century Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler (1707–1783) is among the most prolific and successful mathematicians in the history of the field.His seminal work had a profound impact in numerous areas of mathematics and he is widely credited for introducing and popularizing modern notation and terminology.
The number e is a mathematical constant approximately equal to 2.71828 that is the base of the natural logarithm and exponential function.It is sometimes called Euler's number, after the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler, though this can invite confusion with Euler numbers, or with Euler's constant, a different constant typically denoted .
Euler's identity therefore states that the limit, as n approaches infinity, of (+ /) is equal to −1. This limit is illustrated in the animation to the right. Euler's formula for a general angle. Euler's identity is a special case of Euler's formula, which states that for any real number x,
Leonhard Euler (/ ˈ ɔɪ l ər / OY-lər; [b] German: [ˈleːɔnhaʁt ˈʔɔʏlɐ] ⓘ, Swiss Standard German: [ˈleɔnhard ˈɔʏlər]; 15 April 1707 – 18 September 1783) was a Swiss mathematician, physicist, astronomer, geographer, logician, and engineer who founded the studies of graph theory and topology and made pioneering and influential discoveries in many other branches of ...
A mathematical constant is a key number whose value is fixed by an unambiguous definition, often referred to by a symbol (e.g., an alphabet letter), or by mathematicians' names to facilitate using it across multiple mathematical problems. [1]
For every combinatorial cell complex, one defines the Euler characteristic as the number of 0-cells, minus the number of 1-cells, plus the number of 2-cells, etc., if this alternating sum is finite. In particular, the Euler characteristic of a finite set is simply its cardinality, and the Euler characteristic of a graph is the number of ...
Euler's number, e = 2.71828 . . . , the base of the natural logarithm; Euler's idoneal numbers, a set of 65 or possibly 66 or 67 integers with special properties; Euler numbers, integers occurring in the coefficients of the Taylor series of 1/cosh t; Eulerian numbers count certain types of permutations.
The number e was introduced by Jacob Bernoulli in 1683. More than half a century later, Euler , who had been a student of Jacob's younger brother Johann , proved that e is irrational ; that is, that it cannot be expressed as the quotient of two integers.