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The history of geology is concerned with the development of the natural science of geology. Geology is the scientific study of the origin, history, and structure of the Earth . [ 1 ]
Geology (from Ancient Greek ... William Smith (1769–1839) drew some of the first geological maps and began the process of ordering rock strata (layers) ...
Roughly , the earliest-known supercontinent Rodinia, began to break apart. The continents later recombined to form Pannotia, then finally Pangaea, which broke apart . The present pattern of ice ages began about , then intensified at the end of the Pliocene. The polar regions have since undergone repeated cycles of glaciation and thawing ...
c. 1025 – al-Biruni publishes the Kitāb fī Taḥqīq mā li-l-Hind (Researches on India), in which he discusses the geology of India and hypothesizes that it was once a sea. [ 1 ] 1027 – Avicenna publishes The Book of Healing , in which he hypothesizes on two causes of mountains .
The era began with the Permian–Triassic extinction event, the most severe extinction event in the fossil record; 95% of the species on Earth died out. [149] It ended with the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event that wiped out the dinosaurs .
James Hutton FRSE (/ ˈ h ʌ t ən /; 3 June O.S. [1] 1726 – 26 March 1797) was a Scottish geologist, agriculturalist, chemical manufacturer, naturalist and physician. [2] Often referred to as the "Father of Modern Geology," [3] [4] he played a key role in establishing geology as a modern science.
Atmospheric CO 2 content roughly 15 times present-day levels (6000 ppm compared to today's 400 ppm) [90] [note 7] Arthropods and streptophyta start colonising land. 3 extinction events occur 517, 502 and 488 Ma, the first and last of which wipe out many of the anomalocarids, artiopods, hyoliths, brachiopods, molluscs, and conodonts (early ...
According to evidence from radiometric dating and other sources, Earth formed about 4.54 billion years ago. [7] [8] [9] The current dominant theory of planet formation suggests that planets such as Earth form in about 50 to 100 million years but more recently proposed alternative processes and timescales have stimulated ongoing debate in the planetary science community. [10]