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A ruff from the early 17th century: detail from The Regentesses of St Elizabeth Hospital, Haarlem, by Verspronck A ruff from the 1620s. A ruff is an item of clothing worn in Western, Central and Northern Europe, as well as Spanish America, from the mid-16th century to the mid-17th century.
The ruff (Calidris pugnax) is a medium-sized wading bird that breeds in marshes and wet meadows across northern Eurasia. This highly gregarious sandpiper is migratory and sometimes forms huge flocks in its winter grounds, which include southern and western Europe, Africa, southern Asia and Australia. The ruff is a long-necked, pot-bellied bird.
Ruffs were popular in the sixteenth century, and remained so until the late 1640s, alongside the more fashionable standing and falling bands. Ruffs, like bands, were sewn to a fairly deep neck-band. They could be either standing or falling ruffs. [1] Standing ruffs were common with legal, and official dress till comparatively late.
English opulence, Italian reticella lace ruff, (possibly) Polish ornamentation, a French farthingale, and Spanish severity: The "Ermine Portrait" of Elizabeth I. Fashion in the period 1550–1600 in European clothing was characterized by increased opulence.
Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain, Regent of the Netherlands, wears a cartwheel ruff and wide, flat ruffles at her wrists. Her split-sleeved dress in the Spanish fashion is trimmed with wide bands of braid or fabric, 1609. Mary Radclyffe in the very low rounded neckline and closed cartwheel ruff of c.1610. The black silk strings on her jewelry ...
In “The Flip Side of Fear”, we look at some common phobias, like sharks and flying, but also bats, germs and strangers. We tried to identify the origin of these fears and why they continue to exist when logic tells us they shouldn’t.
[1] [2] Part of it is a Nature Conservation Review site, Grade I, [3] and part is a Royal Society for the Protection of Birds nature reserve. [4] It is part of the Thames Estuary and Marshes Ramsar internationally important wetland site [5] and Special Protection Area under the European Union Directive on the Conservation of Wild Birds. [6]
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