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The primary defining characteristic of IA-32 is the availability of 32-bit general-purpose processor registers (for example, EAX and EBX), 32-bit integer arithmetic and logical operations, 32-bit offsets within a segment in protected mode, and the translation of segmented addresses to 32-bit linear addresses. The designers took the opportunity ...
The Intel Model-Specific Registers (MSRs) are described in-depth in the Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer’s Manual, Volume 4; the link to the Intel reference manuals (PDFs) download page (which includes Vol 4):
According to Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual from May 2020, Volume 1, Chapter 2.5 Intel Instruction Set Architecture And Features Removed, [18] HLE has been removed from Intel products released in 2019 and later. RTM is not documented as removed.
IA-64 (Intel Itanium architecture) is the instruction set architecture (ISA) of the discontinued Itanium family of 64-bit Intel microprocessors. The basic ISA specification originated at Hewlett-Packard (HP), and was subsequently implemented by Intel in collaboration with HP. The first Itanium processor, codenamed Merced, was released in 2001.
4-level paging of the 64-bit mode. In the 4-level paging scheme (previously known as IA-32e paging), the 64-bit virtual memory address is divided into five parts. The lowest 12 bits contain the offset within the 4 KiB memory page, and the following 36 bits are evenly divided between the four 9 bit descriptors, each linking to a 64-bit page table entry in a 512-entry page table for each of the ...
Memory-mapped I/O is preferred in IA-32 and x86-64 based architectures because the instructions that perform port-based I/O are limited to one register: EAX, AX, and AL are the only registers that data can be moved into or out of, and either a byte-sized immediate value in the instruction or a value in register DX determines which port is the source or destination port of the transfer.
The x86-64 architecture does not use segmentation in long mode (64-bit mode). Four of the segment registers, CS, SS, DS, and ES, are forced to base address 0, and the limit to 2 64. The segment registers FS and GS can still have a nonzero base address.
Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer’s Manual, Volume 3A:System Programming Guide, Part 1 (see CHAPTER 5, INTERRUPT AND EXCEPTION HANDLING and CHAPTER 10, ADVANCED PROGRAMMABLE INTERRUPT CONTROLLER)] Interrupt Descriptor Table at OSDev.org