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The name "Olmec" means "rubber people" in Nahuatl, the language of the Nahuas, and was the Aztec term for the people who lived in the Gulf Lowlands in the 15th and 16th centuries, some 2,000 years after the Olmec culture died out.
The rulers seem to have been the most important religious figures, with their links to the Olmec deities or supernaturals providing legitimacy for their rule. [2] [a] There is also considerable evidence for shamans in the Olmec archaeological record, particularly in the so-called "transformation figures". [3] Figure from Las Limas monument 1.
Philip ruled over territories north and east of the Jordan River until 34 CE. His domain was later incorporated into the Province of Syria. Herod Antipas ruled Galilee and Perea until 39 CE. The last notable Herodian ruler with some level of independence was King Herod Agrippa I. He was given the territory of Judea with its capital Jerusalem
Mictlan is believed to be ruled by King Mictlantecuhtli ("Lord of the Underworld") [2] and his wife, Mictecacihuatl ("Lady of the Underworld"). [ 3 ] Other deities in Mictlan include Cihuacoatl (who commanded Mictlan spirits called Cihuateteo ), Acolmiztli , Chalmecacihuilt , Chalmecatl and Acolnahuacatl .
According to Polybius, King Antigonus I Monophthalmus established the Syrian kingdom which included Coele-Syria. [5] The Seleucid king Antiochus III the Great defeated the Ptolemaic Kingdom in the Battle of Panium (200 BC); he annexed the Syrian lands controlled by Egypt (Coele-Syria) and united them with his Syrian lands, thus gaining control of the entirety of Syria. [6]
The name Chedorlaomer is associated with familiar Elamite components, such as kudur "servant", and Lagamal, an important goddess in the Elamite pantheon. [3] [4] The Jewish Encyclopedia states that, apart from the fact that Chedorlaomer can be identified as a proper Elamite compound, all else is matter of controversy and "the records give only the rather negative result that from Babylonian ...
Azizus had died in 54 and Sohaemus succeeded his brother as Priest King. He ruled from 54 until his death in 73 and was the priest of the Syrian Sun God, known in Aramaic as El-Gebal. At an unknown date in his reign, Sohaemus became the patron of the Roman colony of Heliopolis [4] (modern Baalbek, Lebanon).
Their rule was characterized by an "Elamisation" of Susa, and the kings took the title "king of Anshan and Susa". While the first of these dynasties, the Kidinuids continued to use the Akkadian language frequently in their inscriptions, the succeeding Igihalkids and Shutrukids used Elamite with increasing regularity.