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Jews lived in Kurdistan for thousands of years, before the final and mass migration in 1951–1952 to Israel. For many years, the Jews lived under the rule of the Ottoman and Persian Empires and following World War I, they mainly lived in Iraq, Iran and Turkey, some Jews lived in Syria.
Patriarch Sophronius and Umar are reported to have agreed the Covenant of Umar I, which guaranteed non-Muslims freedom of religion, and under Islamic rule, for the first time since the Roman period, Jews were once again allowed to live and worship freely in Jerusalem. [51] Jerusalem becomes part of the Jund Filastin province of the Arab Caliphate.
A Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim lands results, as up to a million Jews flee or are expelled from Arab and Muslim nations. Most settle in Israel. See also 1949 Armistice Agreements. 1948–1949 Almost 250,000 Holocaust survivors make their way to Israel. "Operation Magic Carpet" brings thousands of Yemenite Jews to Israel. 1956
Within three years (1948 to 1951), immigration doubled the Jewish population of Israel and left an indelible imprint on Israeli society. [290] [291] Overall, 700,000 Jews settled in Israel during this period. [292] Some 300,000 arrived from Asian and North African nations as part of the Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries. [293]
In the centuries since the rise of Islam, many Jews living in the Muslim world were forced to convert to Islam, [citation needed] such as the Mashhadi Jews of Persia, who continued to practice Judaism in secret and eventually moved to Israel. Many of the Anusim's descendants left Judaism over the years.
During the Middle Ages, Jews were generally better treated by Islamic rulers than Christian ones. Despite second-class citizenship, Jews played prominent roles in Muslim courts, and experienced a Golden Age in Moorish Spain about 900–1100, though the situation deteriorated after that time.
The earliest Muslim settlement activity took place south and southwest of the site, in thinly populated areas; much of the Christian settlement was concentrated in western Jerusalem around Golgotha and Mount Zion. [25] The first Muslim settlers in Jerusalem hailed mainly from the Ansar, i.e. the people of Medina. [11]
The crusaders besiege Damascus, but troops coming from the Muslim countries force them to lift the siege. [206] [207] September 8. Conrad III and his army leave the Holy Land. [207] 1149. First reference to a Court of Burgesses in Jerusalem. Headed by the local viscounts, the Courts of Burgesses judge the Frank commoners in about 40 towns. [209 ...