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Adil Gillani, an advisor for TI Pakistan, observed in 2012 that if Pakistan checked the menace of corruption and ensured good governance, it would not require a single penny from the outside world. The 2008–2013 PPP-led coalition government was criticised as being the most corrupt in the country's history. [ 24 ]
According to Transparency International, Pakistan is considered one of the most corrupt countries in the world. [2] For the year 2009 it was ranked 139th out of 180 and had a score of 2.4 on the Corruption Perceptions Index. [5]
The National Reconciliation Ordinance (NRO) was an ordinance issued by the former President of Pakistan, General Pervez Musharraf, on October 5, 2007. [1] It granted amnesty to politicians, political workers and bureaucrats who were accused of corruption, embezzlement, money laundering, murder, and terrorism between 1986 - 2007, the time between three states of martial law in Pakistan.
In the past, this has contributed to a sense of immunity on the part of members of the ruling party, and to a public perception of rampant corruption among leading politicians – in 1997, Pakistan received the second-worst score in the world on Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index.
The Ehtesab Act, 1997 established an Ehtesab Cell, charged with the investigation and prosecution of corruption. [1]Under the National Accountability Ordinance, 1999, the NAB was established as the cell's successor, and given the additional responsibility of preventing and raising awareness of corruption. [2]
Pakistan's leading economists and financial scholars are uncertain to the causes of stagflation, and many attribute this period to several factors including the state's role in war on terror, corruption, tough monetary policies and several other factors.
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After the exposure of the first scandal by the Intelligence Bureau (IB) in 1989, President Ghulam Ishaq Khan eventually used his constitutional reserve powers that dismissed the first administration of Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto, charging the Benazir's administration of nepotism, political corruption, poor economic growth, law and order, and foreign affairs, in 1990.: 441 [5]