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  2. Solid solution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_solution

    The propensity for any two substances to form a solid solution is a complicated matter involving the chemical, crystallographic, and quantum properties of the substances in question. Substitutional solid solutions, in accordance with the Hume-Rothery rules, may form if the solute and solvent have: Similar atomic radii (15% or less difference)

  3. Hume-Rothery rules - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hume-Rothery_rules

    Hume-Rothery rules, named after William Hume-Rothery, are a set of basic rules that describe the conditions under which an element could dissolve in a metal, forming a solid solution. There are two sets of rules; one refers to substitutional solid solutions, and the other refers to interstitial solid solutions.

  4. Phase boundary - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_boundary

    In thermal equilibrium, each phase (i.e. liquid, solid etc.) of physical matter comes to an end at a transitional point, or spatial interface, called a phase boundary, due to the immiscibility of the matter with the matter on the other side of the boundary. This immiscibility is due to at least one difference between the two substances ...

  5. Bonding in solids - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonding_in_solids

    Covalent and ionic bonding form a continuum, with ionic character increasing with increasing difference in the electronegativity of the participating atoms. Covalent bonding corresponds to sharing of a pair of electrons between two atoms of essentially equal electronegativity (for example, C–C and C–H bonds in aliphatic hydrocarbons).

  6. Solution (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)

    Making a saline water solution by dissolving table salt in water.The salt is the solute and the water the solvent. In chemistry, a solution is defined by IUPAC as "A liquid or solid phase containing more than one substance, when for convenience one (or more) substance, which is called the solvent, is treated differently from the other substances, which are called solutes.

  7. Surface charge - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_charge

    A solution's pH can also greatly affect surface charge because functional groups present on the surface of particles can often contain oxygen or nitrogen, two atoms which can be protonated or deprotonated to become charged. Thus, as the concentration of hydrogen ions changes, so does the surface charge of the particles.

  8. Binodal - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binodal

    In thermodynamics, the binodal, also known as the coexistence curve or binodal curve, denotes the condition at which two distinct phases may coexist. Equivalently, it is the boundary between the set of conditions in which it is thermodynamically favorable for the system to be fully mixed and the set of conditions in which it is ...

  9. Chemical polarity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_polarity

    Ionic bonds generally occur when the difference in electronegativity between the two atoms is greater than 2.0; Pauling based this classification scheme on the partial ionic character of a bond, which is an approximate function of the difference in electronegativity between the two bonded atoms. He estimated that a difference of 1.7 corresponds ...