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Ptolemy's theorem states that the sum of the products of the lengths of opposite sides is equal to the product of the lengths of the diagonals. When those side-lengths are expressed in terms of the sin and cos values shown in the figure above, this yields the angle sum trigonometric identity for sine: sin(α + β) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β.
Using the usual notations for a triangle (see the figure at the upper right), where a, b, c are the lengths of the three sides, A, B, C are the vertices opposite those three respective sides, α, β, γ are the corresponding angles at those vertices, s is the semiperimeter, that is, s = a + b + c / 2 , and r is the radius of the inscribed circle, the law of cotangents states that
The area of triangle OCD is CD/2, or tan(θ)/2. Since triangle OAD lies completely inside the sector, which in turn lies completely inside triangle OCD, we have < < . This geometric argument relies on definitions of arc length and area, which act as assumptions, so it is rather a condition imposed in construction of trigonometric ...
which by the Pythagorean theorem is equal to 1. This definition is valid for all angles, due to the definition of defining x = cos θ and y sin θ for the unit circle and thus x = c cos θ and y = c sin θ for a circle of radius c and reflecting our triangle in the y-axis and setting a = x and b = y.
in pink, the areas a 2, b 2, and −2ab cos γ on the left and c 2 on the right; in blue, the triangle ABC twice, on the left, as well as on the right. The equality of areas on the left and on the right gives + =. The rigorous proof will have to include proofs that various shapes are congruent and therefore have equal area.
The fixed point iteration x n+1 = cos(x n) with initial value x 0 = −1 converges to the Dottie number. Zero is the only real fixed point of the sine function; in other words the only intersection of the sine function and the identity function is sin ( 0 ) = 0 {\displaystyle \sin(0)=0} .
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The sum of the squares of the two items at the top of a triangle equals the square of the item at the bottom. These are the trigonometric Pythagorean identities : sin 2 A + cos 2 A = 1 2 = 1 {\displaystyle \sin ^{2}A+\cos ^{2}A=1^{2}=1\ }